12.1: Introduction to Chicago/Turabian Style

12.1.1: When to Use Chicago/Turabian Style

Chicago style, created by the University of Chicago, is the primary citation style used for papers in history.

Learning Objective

Recognize when to use Chicago/Turabian style in writing

Key Points

Chicago style is one of the most common citation and formatting styles you will encounter in your academic career.
Chicago style is based on The Chicago Manual of Style.
Turabian style is based on Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, which is very similar to Chicago style but with an emphasis on student writing.
Chicago style provides guidelines for grammar, formatting, and citing your sources.
There are two subsets of Chicago/Turabian style which cite their research sources differently: Author–Date and Notes and Bibliography.

Chicago style is a citation and formatting style you may encounter in your academic career. Any piece of academic writing can use Chicago style, from a one-page paper to a full-length book. It is used by most historical journals and some social science publications. If you are writing a paper for a history class, it is likely your professor will ask you to write in Chicago style.

The Chicago Manual

The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated in writing as Chicago style, CMS, or CMOS) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its sixteen editions have specified writing and citation styles widely used in publishing, particularly in the book industry (as opposed to newspaper publishing, where AP style is more common). Chicago style deals with many aspects of editorial practice. It remains the basis for the Style Guide of the American Anthropological Association and the Style Sheet for the Organization of American Historians. Many small publishers throughout the world adopt it as their style.

The Turabian Manual

“Turabian style” is named after the book’s original author, Kate L. Turabian, who developed it for the University of Chicago. Except for a few minor differences, Turabian style is the same as Chicago style. However, while Chicago style focuses on providing guidelines for publishing in general, Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations focuses on providing guidelines for student papers, theses, and dissertations.

The Purpose of Chicago/Turabian Style

Chicago/Turabian style offers writers a choice of several different formats, because it is used in a wide variety of academic disciplines. It allows the mixing of formats, provided that the result is clear and consistent.

The most recent edition of The Chicago Manual of Style permits the use of both in-text citation systems (“Author–Date” style, which is usually used in the social sciences) or footnotes and endnotes (this is called “Notes and bibliography” style, which is usually used in the humanities).

Grammar and Formatting

Chicago style includes many basic grammatical rules. For example, Chicago style does use the Oxford comma, which some other citation styles (e.g., AP style) do not. Other examples include rules about what punctuation should be included inside a quotation and when to use what type of dash. For instance, Author–Date citations are usually placed just inside a mark of punctuation.

Citations

As mentioned above, the most recent editions of The Chicago Manual of Style permit the use of either in-text citation systems or footnotes and endnotes. It can give information about in-text citation by page number or by year of publication; it even provides for variations in styles of footnotes and endnotes, depending on whether the paper includes a full bibliography at the end.

12.1.2: Overall Structure and Formatting of a Chicago/Turabian Paper

Every paper written in Chicago/Turabian style has the same basic structural elements.

Learning Objective

Identify the structural elements of a Chicago/Turabian paper

Key Points

A Chicago/Turabian-style paper should include a title page, a body, a references section, and, in some cases, endnotes.
Chicago/Turabian style provides specific guidelines for line spacing (your paper should be double-spaced), margins (1–1.5 inches), and page numbering.
Use the Oxford comma, and only use one space following periods.
Listen to your professor’s specific guidelines if they want you to use a table of contents.

Key Term

footnote: A short piece of text, often numbered, placed at the bottom of a printed page to add a comment, citation, or reference to a designated part of the main text.

Overall Structure of a Chicago Paper

Your Chicago paper should include the following basic elements:

Title page
Body
References (if using the Author–Date method)
Bibliography (if using the notes and bibliography method)

General Formatting Rules

Typeface

Your paper should be written in a legible font such as Times New Roman, and should be at least 10-pt in size (12-pt is recommended).

Line Spacing

All text in your paper should be double-spaced except for block quotations and image captions. On your citations page, each citation should be single-spaced, but there should be a blank line between each citation.

Margins

All page margins (top, bottom, left, and right) should be at least 1 inch and no more than 1.5 inches. All text, with the exception of headers, should be left-justified.

Indentation

The first line of every paragraph and footnote should be indented 0.5 inches.

Page Numbers

Page numbers in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3…) should appear right-justified in the header of every page, beginning with the number 1 on the first page of text. Most word-processing programs have the ability to automatically add the correct page number to each page so you don’t have to do this by hand.

General Grammar Rules

The Oxford Comma

The Oxford comma (also called the serial comma) is the comma that comes after the second-to-last item in a series or list. For example:

The UK includes the countries of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

In the above sentence, the comma immediately after “Wales” is the Oxford comma.

In general writing conventions, whether the Oxford comma should be used is actually a point of fervent debate among passionate grammarians. However, it’s a requirement in Chicago style, so double-check all your lists and series to make sure you include it!

Capitalization After Colons

In most cases, the first word after a colon should not be capitalized:

I know exactly what happened: he stole the cookies.

However, if what follows a colon is a series of multiple sentences, or a quotation, you do need to capitalize the first word after the colon:

If you have a colon in the middle of a sentence, and what follows after is a quotation or multiple sentences, the first word after the colon should be capitalized. For example:

I know exactly what happened: He stole the cookies. She snatched the cupcakes. You took the brownies.

Sentence Spacing

It used to be convention to type two spaces after every period—for example:

“Mary went to the store. She bought some milk. Then she went home.”

This convention was developed when typewriters were in use; the space on a typewriter was quite small, so two spaces were needed to emphasize the end of a sentence. However, typewriters, and therefore this practice, are now obsolete—in fact, using two spaces after sentences is now generally frowned upon. Chicago style in particular includes an explicit rule to use only single spaces after periods:

“Mary went to the store. She bought some milk. Then she went home.”

A Note on the Table of Contents

Chicago style does not provide guidelines for tables of contents for individual papers themselves. If your professor asks you to include a table of contents in your paper, they will give you their own guidelines for formatting.

12.2: Chicago/Turabian: Structure and Formatting of Specific Elements

12.2.1: Chicago/Turabian: Title Page

A paper in Chicago/Turabian style has a title page that follows specific formatting rules.

Learning Objective

Arrange the title page correctly in a Chicago-style paper

Key Points

Your title page should include the title of your paper, your name, the name of your course, and the date the paper is due.
All the information on your title page should be centered horizontally.
The title of your paper should be written in all capital letters.

Key Term

dissertation: A formal research paper that students write in order to complete the requirements for a doctoral degree.

Title Page

The following information should be centered horizontally on the title page:

a third of the way down the page, the title of your paper in all capital letters;
on the next line, the subtitle of your paper (if you have one);
two-thirds of the way down the page, your name;
on the next line, the name of your course; and
on the next line, the due date of the paper.

These elements should not be bolded, underlined, or italicized. Note that the requirements may be different for doctoral theses or dissertations.

Chicago-style title page

A title page introduces the title of your paper—and you, its author!

12.2.2: Chicago/Turabian: Headings

In Chicago style, headings are used to organize your writing and give it a hierarchical organization.

Learning Objective

Order headings correctly in Chicago/Turabian style

Key Points

In Chicago style, headings are used to organize your writing and give it a hierarchical organization.
There can be up to five levels of headings in your paper. Some use title case; some use sentence case.

Key Term

hierarchical: Arranged according to importance.

In Chicago style, headings are used to organize your writing and give it a hierarchical organization. Chicago style puts forth specific rules for formatting headings (up to five levels) within your paper:

Chicago heading hierarchy

These are the formatting rules for different levels of headings in APA style.

If a heading is said to be in title case, that means you should format it as though it were the title of a book, with the first letters of most major words capitalized (e.g., A Study of Color-Blindness in Dogs).

If a heading is said to be in sentence case, that means you should format it as though it were a normal sentence, with only the first letter of the first word (and of any proper nouns) capitalized (e.g., A study of color-blindness in dogs).

You should always use heading levels in this order, beginning with Level 1. So, if you have a paper with two levels of headings, you would use Level 1 formatting for the higher level and Level 2 formatting for the lower level. Similarly, if you have a paper with five levels of headings, you would use Level 1 formatting for the highest level and Level 5 formatting for the lowest level.

12.2.3: Chicago/Turabian: Block Quotations

In Chicago style, format quotations of more than five lines as block quotations.

Learning Objective

Recognize when to use block quotations in Chicago/Turabian

Key Points

A typical quotation is part of a sentence within a paragraph in your paper; however, for longer quotations (more than five lines), format the excerpt as a block quotation.
A block quotation begins on its own line, is not enclosed in quotation marks, and has its in-text citation after the final punctuation.
Block quotations are not double-spaced, unlike the rest of your Chicago style paper.

When to Use a Block Quotation

A typical quotation is enclosed in double quotation marks and is part of a sentence within a paragraph of your paper. However, if a quotation takes up more than five lines in your paper, you should format it as a block quotation rather than as a regular quotation within the text of a paragraph. Most of the standard rules for quotations still apply, with the following exceptions: a block quotation will begin on its own line (skip a line before and after the block quotation), it will not be enclosed in quotation marks, and its in-text citation will come after the ending punctuation, not before it.

For example, if you wanted to quote the first two sentences of Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”, you would begin that quotation on its own line, indent every line, and format it as follows:

Perhaps the sentiments contained in the following pages, are not YET sufficiently fashionable to procure them general favour; a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom. But the tumult soon subsides. (Paine)

The full reference for this source would then be included in your References section at the end of your paper.

Spacing and Alignment

Each line of the block quotation should be indented from the left margin the same distance as the first lines of your regular body paragraphs. Unlike the rest of your paper, it should be single-spaced. And as with series and lists, to better visually distinguish a block quotation from the surrounding text, be sure to leave an extra (blank) line between the last line of the block quotation and the first line of the following paragraph.

Block quotations

This block quotation is correctly formatted according to Chicago/Turabian style.

12.2.4: Chicago/Turabian: Tables and Figures

Chicago/Turabian style has specific rules for formatting tables and figures.

Learning Objective

Arrange tables and figures in Chicago style

Key Points

Chicago/Turabian specifies two methods for presenting information visually: tables and figures.
A table is a chart that presents numerical information in a grid format.
A figure, by the Chicago/Turabian definition, is any visual that is not a table.
Using a table or a figure as a visual aid can help you strengthen a claim you’re making.

When you need to summarize quantitative data, words can only go so far. Sometimes, using a chart, graph, or other visual representation can be useful in proving your point. However, it’s important to make sure you incorporate this extra information in a way that is easy to understand and in line with the conventions set forth in Chicago/Turabian style.

Chicago/Turabian specifies two methods for representing information visually: tables and figures.

Tables

A table is a chart that presents numerical information in a grid format. In Chicago/Turabian style, you must present a table immediately following the paragraph in which you mentioned it. When you mention a table in the text of your paper, make sure you refer to it by its number (e.g., “Table 1”) rather than with a phrase like “the table below” or “this table.”

Formatting

Format your tables as simply as possible. Do not use bold or italicized text, and do not overuse borders. Generally, you should have only three horizontal lines in your table: one immediately above and one immediately below the column headings, and one at the bottom of the table, to help separate it from the surrounding text. However, Chicago style does allow two exceptions: you may use an additional horizontal line if (1) you need to separate added numbers from their total, or (2) if you have multiple levels of column headings within a table.

Title and Source

Every table should appear flush with the left margin. Immediately above the table, provide its number, followed by a colon, followed by a short but descriptive title:

Table 1: Frog populations in the Willamette River from 2009-2014

Immediately below the table, write the word “Source” (or or “Sources”) in italics, followed by a colon, and then provide the source(s) of the information in the table. Include the same information, with the same formatting, as in a parenthetical citation—i.e., the author’s last name and the page number. End this line with a period:

Source: Rottweiler 67.

Be sure to also include the full citation for this source in your References or Bibliography section. Neither the title nor the source line should be double-spaced.

Sample table

This table is formatted correctly according to Chicago/Turabian formatting rules.

Figures

Treat a figure much as you would treat a table, with two exceptions: (1) you should present a figure immediately after you have referenced it in the text, and (2) all information about the figure, including its number (“Figure 1”) and title (“Frogs in the Willamette River, 2012”) should appear on the line immediately below the figure. The source information should appear on the next line.

Sample figure

This figure is formatted correctly according to Chicago/Turabian formatting rules.

12.3: Chicago/Turabian: Citations and References – Notes and Bibliography (NB) System

12.3.1: Chicago/Turabian (NB): The Bibliography Section

In Chicago NB style, the sources you cite in your paper are listed at the end in the bibliography.

Learning Objective

Arrange the bibliography in a Chicago/Turabian NB paper

Key Points

In Chicago/Turabian style, there are two approaches to formatting your citations: the Author Date system or the Notes and Bibliography (NB) system.
If you are using NB, you will need a bibliography at the end of your paper, in which all the sources you cite throughout the text of your paper are listed together.
The bibliography has its own special formatting rules, including hanging indentation.
In each citation style, formatting differs slightly based on source type; for example, you would format a citation differently if your source was an online book vs. a physical textbook.
There are different citation styles for types of sources, including books, online resources, journals, and many others.

In Chicago/Turabian papers using the Notes and Bibliography (NB) citation system, all the sources you cite throughout the text of your paper are listed together and in full in the bibliography, which comes after the main text of your paper. (If you are using the Author Date citation system, this will be called the References section.)

Formatting the Bibliography

The top of the bibliography page, as the rest of your paper, should still include the page number in the right header. On the first line, the title of the page—“Bibliography”—should appear centered and not italicized or bolded. After the page title, leave two blank lines before your first citation.

Unlike the rest of your paper, this page should not be double-spaced: leave a blank line between each citation, but the citations themselves should not be double-spaced. Your citations should be in alphabetical order by the first word in each citation (usually the author’s last name).

Each citation should be formatted with what is called a hanging indent. This means the first line of each reference should be flush with the left margin (i.e., not indented), but the rest of that reference should be indented one inch from the left margin. Any word-processing program will let you format this automatically so you don’t have to do it by hand. (In Microsoft Word, for example, you simply highlight your citations, click on the small arrow right next to the word “Paragraph” on the home tab, and in the popup box choose “hanging indent” under the “Special” section. Click OK, and you’re done.)

Bibliography

This is an example of a correctly formatted bibliography in Chicago/Turabian NB style.

Constructing a Citation

The first step in building each individual citation is to determine the type of resource you are citing, since in each citation style formatting differs slightly based on source type. Some common types are a book, a chapter from a book, a journal article, an online book or article, an online video, a blog post, and personal communication such as an email or an interview you conducted. (You’ll notice that “website” is not a category by itself. If the information you found is online, you want to determine if you’re looking at an online book, an online article, or some other type of document.) The most important information to have for citing a source will always be the author names, the title, and the publisher information and year of publication.

As an example, let’s look in detail at the process of citing three particular sources in Chicago style: Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (i.e., a book by one author), Project Gutenberg’s online text of the same book (i.e., an online book), and an online journal article about the book.

Print Sources

Author Name

You always want to start with the author information. You should present the author information in the following order and format: the author’s last name (capitalized), a comma, the author’s first name (capitalized), the author’s middle initial (if given), and then a period:

Conrad, Joseph.

Title of Source

Next, you should include the title of the source in title case. For a book or other standalone source, the title is italicized; otherwise it should be enclosed in quotation marks.

Heart of Darkness.

City of Publication

Next, you want to provide the location of the publisher’s office. The location is generally a city, such as “London” or “New York, NY.”

London:

Publisher Name

Next, provide the publisher’s name, followed by a comma:

Everyman’s Library,

Date of Publication

After the publisher information, you provide the year in which the source was published, followed by a period.

1993.

All together, then, the citation looks like this:

Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. London: Everyman’s Library, 1993.

Online Sources

Now let’s take a look at the citation for the online version of the same book, available online through the publisher Project Gutenberg (gutenberg.org). Treat the online version of a print book exactly the same as a print book, but with an indication of where you found it online.

Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Project Gutenberg, 2006. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/219/219-h/219-h.htm.

Journal Articles and Multiple Authors

NooriBerzenji, Latef S., and Marwan Abdi. “The Image of the Africans in Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 5, no. 4 (2013): 710–726.

Much of this citation will look familiar to you now that you know the basics. Again, we start with the author information. If the source has multiple authors, the citation rules are a little different. The first author will be listed with their surname first (Conrad, Joseph) but subsequent authors will be listed with their first names first (Joseph Conrad). Use the word “and” (not an ampersand,&”) before the last author. Here we have only two authors, but if we had five, the “and” would come before the fifth author’s last name, after the comma following the fourth author’s name.

The date of publication and title are formatted the same. Note that even though Chicago style says that the article title should not be italicized, the book titles within the article title are still italicized.

The new information here begins with citing the journal this article is from. Include the title of the journal in italicized title case (all major words capitalized, as in the title of a book):

Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business

Then include the journal volume:

If an issue number is provided in addition to the volume number, as it is here, add a comma after the volume number, the abbreviation “no.”, and the issue number:

5, no. 4

Next, list the year of the article’s publication in parentheses, followed by a colon:

(2013):

Finally, list the page numbers of the article, followed by a period [note that the dash between the first and second numbers is an en-dash (–), NOT a hyphen (-) or em-dash (—)]:

710–726.

Multiple Publications by the Same Author

If you are referencing multiple publications by (or group of authors) that were published in the same year, there is a special rule for denoting this. You should first order those articles alphabetically by source title in the bibliography. But then, replace the author’s name in all entries except the first one with an em-dash (—).

Achenbach, Thomas. “Bibliography of Published Studies Using the ASEBA.” Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, 2012. http://www.aseba.org/asebabib.html.
—. “School-Age (Ages 6–18) Assessments.” Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, 2012. http://www.aseba.org/schoolage.html.

12.3.2: Chicago/Turabian (NB): How to Reference Different Types of Sources

In Chicago/Turabian NB style, there are different formats for citations in your bibliography depending on the type of source you are citing.

Learning Objective

List the ways to cite different source types in a Chicago/Turabian bibliography

Key Points

If you are using the Notes and Bibliography (NB) method of Chicago/Turabian style, you will need a bibliography at the end of your paper.
In your bibliography, you will have to create a citation for every source you used in your paper; these citations will be formatted differently depending on the type of source.
There are different citation styles for books, depending on how many authors they have.
There are different citation styles for articles, depending on where you found them.

Key Term

bibliography: A section of a written work containing citations, not quotations, of all the sources referenced in the work.

Now that you know the different components of a book citation in Chicago/Turabian Notes and Bibliography (NB) style and how the citation should be formatted, you will be able to understand the citation formats for other source types. Here are some example citations for the most common types of resources you will use.

Book by One Author

Doyle, Arthur. The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc., 2010.

Book by Multiple Authors

Two or More Authors

(Write out all author names.)

Dubner, Stephen, and Steven Levitt. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: Harper Perennial, 2005.

Brown, Theodore, H. Eugene Lemay, Bruce Bursten, Catherine Murphy, Patrick Woodward, and Matthew Stoltzfus. Chemistry: The Central Science. London: Prentice Hall, 2015.

Book with Author and Editor

Lovecraft, Howard Phillips. Tales. Edited by Peter Straub. New York: Library of America, 2005.

Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination

Rottweiler, Frank, and Jacques Beauchemin. “Detroit and Sarnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction.” Canadian/American Studies Journal 54 (2012): 66–146.

Article in a Journal Paginated Separately

Rottweiler, Frank, and Jacques Beauchemin. “Detroit and Sarnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction.” Canadian/American Studies Journal 54, no. 2 (2012): 66–146.

Article in an Internet-Only Journal

Marlowe, Philip, and Sarah Spade. “Detective Work and the Benefits of Colour Versus Black and White.” Journal of Pointless Research 11, no. 2 (2001): 123–124. Accessed October 31, 2015. http://www.jpr.com/stable/detectiveworkcolour.htm.

Page on a Web Site

Pavlenko, Aneta. “Bilingual Minds, Bilingual Bodies.” Psychology Today. Last modified October 7, 2015. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/life-bilingual/201510/bilingual-minds-bilingual-bodies.

Page on a Web Site, No Author Identified, No Date

“Bilingual Minds, Bilingual Bodies.” Psychology Today. Accessed October 29, 2015. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/life-bilingual/201510/bilingual-minds-bilingual-bodies.

12.3.3: Chicago/Turabian (NB): Footnotes and Endnotes

In Chicago/Turabian Notes and Bibliography style, use footnotes or endnotes for citing sources in text.

Learning Objective

Arrange footnotes in Chicago/Turabian NB style

Key Points

A footnote is when you follow a quotation, a paraphrased idea, or a piece of information that otherwise needed to be cited with a superscript number.
An endnote is exactly like a footnote, except the note on what source was used is at the end of the paper rather than the bottom of the page.
There are two steps to creating a footnote. First, you need to place a number in the text to tell the reader what note to look for; then, you need to create the note itself.

Key Terms

endnote: A note at the end of a paper, corresponding to a number in a text, which gives the reader citation information.
footnote: A note at the bottom of the page, corresponding to a number in a text, which gives the reader citation information.

Footnotes and Endnotes

In your paper, when you quote directly from a source in their words, or when you paraphrase someone else’s idea, you need to tell the reader what that source is so the author gets credit for their words and ideas. One method for doing this is creating a footnote.

A footnote is when you follow a quotation, a paraphrased idea, or a piece of information that otherwise needed to be cited with a superscript number (like this.)¹Then, at the bottom of the page, you give a brief indication of where you retrieved that information. Fuller information about that source is then contained in the paper’s bibliography. Think of the footnote as telling the reader where to go in your bibliography to find the source, and the bibliography entry as telling the reader where to go in the real world to find the source.

An endnote is exactly like a footnote, except that endnotes appear all together at the end of the paper, while each footnote appears on the bottom of the same page as its superscripted number.

Creating a Footnote

There are two steps to creating a footnote. First, you need to place a number in the text to tell the reader what note to look for; then, you need to create the note itself. As an example, let’s say we are writing a paper about meerkat populations and we write the following sentences:

As of 2009, the meerkat population has increased by 20% in Eastern Botswana. “It’s thrilling,” says renowned biologist Elizabeth Khama, “The animals are truly making a comeback.”

We need to create footnotes to cite our sources.

Numbering

The first step to creating a footnote is place a number next to the statement that needs to be sourced. To do this, place the number at the end of the sentence it refers to, after all punctuation.

As of 2009, the meerkat population has increased by 20% in Eastern Botswana.¹“It’s thrilling,” says renowned biologist Elizabeth Khama, “The animals are truly making a comeback.”²

Your first footnote of the paper should be numbered 1, your second should be 2, and so on until the end of the paper. If you are writing an exceptionally long paper, such as a doctoral thesis, numbers should restart at the beginning of every chapter.

Creating the Notes

Next, you need to create the note that the number refers to. Every number needs a note. In the note, you will have the author’s name, the title of the work, the publication information, and the page number:

Andrew Byrd, “The Resurgence of the Meerkat,” Southern African Ecology 32, no. 2 (2009): 221.

You only need to create a note that contains all of this information once per paper. If you cite this source again later in the paper (say, in your sixth note), you would simply write the author, title, and page number, separated by commas:

6. Byrd, “The Resurgence of the Meerkat,” 256.

Using “Ibid.”

However, if you cite the exact same source more than once in a row, without citing any other sources in between, there is a special shorthand you can use. Chicago NB style has very specific rules for what to do in this situation. If you cite the same source multiple times in a row, simply write “Ibid.” in each note after the first—this means “this source is the same as the source in the previous note”:

Andrew Byrd, “The Resurgence of the Meerkat,” Southern African Ecology 32, no. 2 (2009): 221.
Ibid.

If you’re citing a different page of the same source, add a comma and the new page number after “Ibid.”:

Andrew Byrd, “The Resurgence of the Meerkat,” Southern African Ecology 32, no. 2 (2009): 221.
Ibid., 225.

Once you cite a different source, your use of “Ibid.” has to start over—you should not use it again until you have multiple notes in a row that cite the same source.

12.3.4: How to Reference Different Types of Sources in Footnotes

Different source types require different citation information when being cited in footnotes.

Learning Objective

List the ways to cite different source types in Chicago/Turabian footnotes

Key Points

Footnotes are like “mini-citations” at the bottom of the page, which direct your reader to a bibliography entry.
Different types of source require different citation information.

Key Term

Notes and Bibliography: A subset of the Chicago/Turabian citation style, which uses footnotes to cite sources in the text.

Footnotes are the preferred citation method for the Chicago/Turabian Notes and Bibliography citation style. When using footnotes, you create what is essentially a “mini-citation” at the bottom of the page. These footnotes guide the reader to the corresponding entry in your bibliography.

Different types of source require different citation information, but they always follow the form of: author, title, publication information, and then either page number or website URL (all separated by commas). And remember, this information will also be contained, in a slightly different form, in your bibliography.

Book by a Single Author

1. Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: Norton, 1997), 223.

Book by Two to Four Authors

2. Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt, Freakonomics (New York: William Morrow, 2005), 101.

Book by Five or More Authors

3. Theodore Brown et al., Chemistry: The Central Science (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2005), 642.

Journal Article

4. Andrew Byrd, “The Resurgence of the Meerkat,” Southern African Ecology 32, no. 1 (2009): 221.

Electronic Journal Article

5. Andrew Byrd, “The Meerkats Have All Gone Away,” African Ecology Online 18, no. 2 (2006): 169, accessed October 31, 2015, http://www.afrecoonline.org/byrd1.htm.

Website with Author and Publication Date

6. Cara Nelson, “The Top Three Movies of All Time,” Best Movies, last modified June 26, 1993, http://www.bestmovies.com/nelsoncara1.htm.

Website with Unknown Author and Publication Date

7. “Some Cool Movies,” Best Movies, accessed October 14, 2015, http://www.bestmovies.com/anonymous.htm.

12.4: Chicago/Turabian: Citations and References – Author–Date (AD) System

12.4.1: Chicago/Turabian (Author–Date): The References Section

In Chicago Author–Date style, the sources you cite in your paper are listed at the end in the References section.

Learning Objective

Arrange the References section in a Chicago/Turabian Author–Date paper

Key Points

In Chicago/Turabian style, there are two ways of formatting your citations: the Author–Date system or the Notes and Bibliography system (NB). If you are using the Author–Date system, you will need a References section.
All the sources you cite throughout the text of your paper are listed together in the References section at the end of your paper.
The References section has its own special formatting rules, including hanging indentation.
In each citation style, formatting differs slightly based on source type; for example, you would format a citation differently if your source was an online book vs. a physical textbook.
There are different citation styles for types of sources, including books, online resources, journals, and many others.

In Chicago/Turabian papers using the Author–Date citation system, all the sources you cite throughout the text of your paper are listed together in full in the References section, which comes after the main text of your paper. (If you are using NB, this will be called the bibliography.)

Formatting the References Section

The top of the page, as the rest of your paper, should still include the page number in the right header. On the first line, the title of the page—“References”—should appear centered and not italicized or bolded. After the page title, leave two blank lines before your first citation.

Each reference should be formatted with what is called a hanging indent. This means the first line of each reference should be flush with the left margin (i.e., not indented), but the rest of that reference should be indented one inch from the left margin. Any word-processing program will let you format this automatically so you don’t have to do it by hand. (In Microsoft Word, for example, you simply highlight your citations, click on the small arrow right next to the word “Paragraph” on the home tab, and in the popup box choose “hanging indent” under the “Special” section. Click OK, and you’re done.)

References page

This is a correctly formatted References page in Chicago/Turabian Author–Date style.

Constructing a Citation

Print Sources

Author Name

You always want to start with the author information. You should present the author information in the following order and format: the author’s last name, a comma, the author’s first name, the author’s middle initial (if given), and then a period:

Conrad, Joseph.

Title of Source

Next, you should include the title of the source in title case. For a book, the title is italicized.

Heart of Darkness.

City of Publication

Next, you want to provide the location of the publisher’s office. The location is generally a city, such as “London” or “New York, NY.”

London:

Publisher Name

Next, provide the publisher’s name, followed by a comma:

Everyman’s Library,

Date of Publication

Now provide the year in which the source was published, followed by a period.

1993.

All together, then, the citation looks like this:

Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. London: Everyman’s Library, 1993.

Online Sources

Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Project Gutenberg, 2006. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/219/219-h/219-h.htm.

Journal Articles and Multiple Authors

NooriBerzenji, Latef S., and Marwan Abdi. “The Image of the Africans in Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 5, no. 4 (2013): 710–726.

Much of this citation will look familiar to you now that you know the basics. Again, we start with the author information. If the source has multiple authors, the citation rules are a little different. The first author will be listed with their surname first (Conrad, Joseph) but subsequent authors will be listed with their first names first (Joseph Conrad). Use the word “and” (not an ampersand, &) before the last author. Here we have only two authors, but if we had five, the “and” would come before the fifth author’s last name, after the comma following the fourth author’s name.

The date of publication and title are formatted the same. Note that even though APA style says that the article title should not be italicized, the book titles “Heart of Darkness” and “Things Fall Apart” within the article title are still italicized.

The new information here begins with citing the journal this article is from. Include the title of the journal in italicized title case (all major words capitalized, as in the title of a book):

Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business

Then include the journal volume:

If an issue number is provided in addition to the volume number, as it is here, add a comma after the volume number, the abbreviation “no.”, and the issue number:

5, no. 4

Next, list the year of the article’s publication in parentheses, followed by a colon:

(2013):

Finally, list the page numbers of the article, followed by a period [note that the dash between the first and second numbers is an en-dash (–), NOT a hyphen (-) or em-dash (—)]:

710–726.

Multiple Publications by the Same Author

If you are referencing multiple publications by (or group of authors) that were published in the same year, there is a special rule for denoting this. You should first order those articles alphabetically by source title in the References section. But then, replace the author’s name in all entries except the first one with an em-dash (—).

Achenbach, Thomas. “Bibliography of Published Studies Using the ASEBA.” Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, 2012. http://www.aseba.org/asebabib.html.
—. “School-Age (Ages 6–18) Assessments.” Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, 2012. http://www.aseba.org/schoolage.html.

12.4.2: Chicago/Turabian (Author–Date): How to Reference Different Types of Sources

In Chicago/Turabian style, there are different formats for citing sources at the end of your paper depending on the type of source.

Learning Objective

List the ways to cite different source types in Chicago/Turabian Author–Date style

Key Points

If you are using the Author–Date method of Chicago/Turabian style, you will need a References section at the end of your paper.
In your References section, you will have to create a citation for every source you used in your paper; these citations will be formatted differently depending on the source type.
There are different citation styles for books, depending on how many authors they have.
There are different citation styles for articles, depending on where you found them.
There are ways to format sources that are not books or articles.

Key Term

Author–Date: A subset of the Chicago/Turabian citation style that uses in-text citations and a References page at the end.

Now that you know the different components of a book citation in Chicago/Turabian Author–Date style and how they should be formatted, you will be able to understand the citation formats for other source types. Here are some example citations for the most common types of resources you will use. These are how your citations will be formatted on your References page at the end of your Author–Date style paper.

Book by One Author

Doyle, Arthur. The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc., 2010.

Book by Multiple Authors

Two or More Authors

(Write out all author names.)

Dubner, Stephen, and Steven Levitt. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: Harper Perennial, 2005.

Brown, Theodore, H. Eugene Lemay, Bruce Bursten, Catherine Murphy, Patrick Woodward, and Matthew Stoltzfus. Chemistry: The Central Science. London: Prentice Hall, 2015.

Book with Author and Editor

Lovecraft, Howard Phillips. Tales. Edited by Peter Straub. New York: Library of America, 2005.

Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination

Rottweiler, Frank, and Jacques Beauchemin. “Detroit and Sarnia: Two Foes on the Brink of Destruction.” Canadian/American Studies Journal 54 (2012): 66–146.

Article in a Journal Paginated Separately

Rottweiler, Frank, and Jacques Beauchemin. “Detroit and Sarnia: Two Foes on the Brink of Destruction.” Canadian/American Studies Journal 54, no. 2 (2012): 66–146.

Article in an Internet-Only Journal

Page on a Web Site

Page on a Web Site, No Author Identified, No Date

“Bilingual Minds, Bilingual Bodies.” Psychology Today. Accessed October 29, 2015. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/life-bilingual/201510/bilingual-minds-bilingual-bodies.

12.4.3: Chicago/Turabian (Author–Date): In-Text References and Parentheticals

In Chicago/Turabian Author–Date style, in-text citations follow strict formatting rules.

Learning Objective

Arrange in-text citations in Chicago/Turabian Author–Date style

Key Points

In-text citations are where you tell the reader, within the text of your paper, the author’s name and the date the source was published.
The correct formatting for an in-text citation varies depending on how many authors created the source being cited.
Formatting also varies depending on whether you cite the same source more than once, or whether you cite multiple works by the same author.

Key Term

parenthetical: A word or phrase within parentheses.

In your paper, when you quote directly from a source in the author’s words, or when you paraphrase someone else’s idea, you need to tell the reader where the words and ideas comes from so the original author gets credit. When you do this within the text the reader the author’s name and the date the source was published in the text of your paper, this is called an in-text citation.

The Chicago/Turabian citation style uses in-text citations only in its Author–Date method, which is generally used for social science papers and is explained below. If your professor asks you to cite sources with footnotes and bibliography rather than in-text citations, make sure you use the Notes and Bibliography (NB) method rather than the Author–Date method described here.

Source by a Single Author

To cite this type of reference in the text, you should use what is known as a parenthetical—citation information enclosed in parentheses—at the end of the relevant sentence. The parenthetical should include the author’s last name (with no first or middle initial) followed by the year the source was published. If you’re citing a direct quote, you also need to include the page number after a comma. For example:

Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundaries of a given society will be interpreted in meaningful and often simplified forms by the majority (Pauling 2005).
Social representations theory “proposes a new hypothesis…” (Pauling 2005, 113).

If you choose, you can integrate the author’s name into the sentence itself—this is known as a “signal phrase”—and provide just the year in parentheses:

Pauling (2005) posits that …

Source by Two or Three Authors

Authors should be presented in the order in which they are listed on the published article. If you include the authors’ names in the parenthetical, use the word “and” between the two names. For example:

Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundaries of a given society will be interpreted in meaningful and often simplified forms by the majority (Pauling and Liu 2005).

You may still choose to use a signal phrase instead, but make sure you keep both authors in it:

Pauling and Liu (2005) posit that …

Source by Four or More Authors

For an article with more than four authors, the first time you cite the article in the text of your paper, you should use only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” and the year of publication. (“Et al.” is short for “et alia,” which means “and other people” in Latin—much like “etc.” is short for “et cetera,” which means “and other things” in Latin.)

Social representations theory posits that reified scientific knowledge that exists at the boundaries of a given society will be interpreted in meaningful and often simplified forms by the majority (Pauling et al. 2005).

Using a signal phrase:

Pauling et al. (2005) posit …

Citing Multiple Publications by Different Authors

If you need to cite multiple publications by different authors in the same sentence, you should list the multiple sources in alphabetical order by author and use a semicolon to separate them.

… majority (Alford 1995; Pauling 2004; Sirkis 2003).

If within this citation you also have multiple sources by the same author, after that author’s name, separate the multiple dates of publication with a comma, and order them chronologically (earliest to latest).

… majority (Alford 1995; Pauling 2004, 2005; Sirkis 2003).

Citing Multiple Publications by the Same Author

If you need to cite multiple publications by the same author within a sentence, you use a comma to separate the years of publication in chronological order (oldest to most recent).

… majority (Pauling 2004, 2005).

Using a signal phrase:

Pauling (2004, 2005) suggests that …